2006年特大干旱条件下森林植被对土壤水分的影响

2006年四川发生了百年一遇的特大干旱。于旱期结束末,调查了蓬安县境内两座丘陵-石马寨(栎柏混交林)和碉堡梁(人工柏木林)上、中、下坡林地和林带中耕地及坡脚农田的土壤含水量;调查了四川盆地丘陵区内5个县9个乡镇17个小流域有无农田防护林条件下,稻田开裂起始时间和裂缝宽;以及按照自然地理条件相近、森林覆盖率有较大差异的原则,调查了宣汉县和达县5对乡镇(森林覆盖率高的乡镇森林覆盖率为28.26%～46.85%,平均为37.24%,相对应的低的乡镇森林覆盖率为12.75%～26.74%,平均为18.64%)内不同台地的土壤含水量。结果表明,混交林林地的保水能力强于纯林林地,林地的保水能力强于耕地,农田防护林对水稻具有庇护作用,森林覆盖率高的地区土壤保水能力强于森林覆盖率低的地区土壤。在干旱期末坡上、中、下部位的0～40 cm土层中,栎柏混交林林地的含水量比柏木纯林林地高出3%～7%,林地的土壤含水量比林带中的耕地高出0.7%～2.1%;栎柏混交林带中的耕地含水量比柏木纯林带中的耕地高出3%～6%,石马寨的坡脚农田含水量比碉堡梁的高出5%;在干旱期末不同台地0～40 cm土层中,与森林覆盖率低的地区相比,森林覆盖率高的地区水稻田含水量高3%～7%,二台土高4%～8%,三台土高2%～8%;有农田防护林的农田土壤开裂时间比无农田防护林的推迟5 d～20 d,裂口宽平均窄0.1 cm～3.1 cm。     

Annualized diameter and height growth equations for Pacific Northwest plantation-grown Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and red alder

Simulating the influence of intensive management and annual weather fluctuations on tree growth requires a shorter time step than currently employed by most regional growth models. High-quality data sets are available for several plantation species in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, but the growth periods ranged from 2 to 12 years in length. Measurement periods of varying length complicate efforts to fit growth models because observed growth rates must be interpolated to a common length growth period or those growth periods longer or shorter than the desired model time step must be discarded. A variation of the iterative technique suggested by Cao [Cao, Q.V., 2000. Prediction of annual diameter growth and survival for individual trees from periodic measurements. Forest Sci. 46, 127–131] was applied to estimate annualized diameter and height growth equations for pure plantations of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and red alder. Using this technique, fits were significantly improved for all three species by embedding a multi-level nonlinear mixed-effects framework (likelihood ratio test: p < 0.0001). The final models were consistent with expected biological behavior of diameter and height growth over tree, stand, and site variables. The random effects showed some correlation with key physiographic variables such as slope and aspect for Douglas-fir and red alder, but these relationships were not observed for western hemlock. Further, the random effects were more correlated with physiographic variables than actual climate or soils information. Long-term simulations (12–16 years) on an independent dataset using these annualized equations showed that the multi-level mixed effects models were more accurate and precise than those fitted without random effects as mean square error (MSE) was reduced by 13 and 21% for diameter and height growth prediction, respectively. The level of prediction error was also smaller than an existing similar growth model with a longer time step (ORGANON v8) as the annualized equations reduced MSE by 17 and 38% for diameter and height growth prediction, respectively. These models will prove to be quite useful for understanding the interaction of weather and silviculture in the Pacific Northwest and refining the precision of future growth model projections.     

Storage of biomass and net primary productivity in desert shrubland of Artemisia ordosica on Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia, China

Biomass and net primary productivity （NPP） are two important parameters in determining ecosystem carbon pool and carbon sequestration. The biomass storage and NPP in desert shrubland of Artemisia ordosica on Ordos Plateau were investigated with method of harvesting standard size shrub in the growing season （June-October） of 2006. Results indicated that above- and belowground biomass of the same size shrubs showed no significant variation in the growing season （p〉0.1）, but annual biomass varied significantly （p〈 0.01）. In the A. ordosica community, shrub biomass storage was 699.76-1246.40 g.m^-2 and annual aboveground NPP was 224.09 g-m^-2·a^-1. Moreover, shrub biomass and NPP were closely related with shrub dimensions （cover and height） and could be well predicted by shrub volume using power regression.     

2006年特大干旱中森林植被对农作物的防护作用

2006年四川发生了百年一遇的特大干旱。按照自然地理条件相近、森林覆盖率有较大差异的原则;同时,在同一行政区内按森林覆盖率的高低分成对照组。在县层面上,共3对对比县,在乡层面上共7对对比乡。对比县中,森林覆盖率高的一组森森覆盖率为34.20%～52.29%,平均为43.16%,森林覆盖率低的一组为16.60%～27.28%,平均为20.84%;对比乡镇中,森林覆盖率高的一组森林覆盖率为28.50%～56.23%,平均为41.29%,森林覆盖率低的一组为10.70%～19.12%,平均为14.61%。在干旱后期,调查了四川盆地丘陵区9个县14个乡镇主要农作物(水稻、玉米和红薯)的受灾率、成灾率和绝收率。调研结果表明,森林对农业的旱情具有一定的缓解作用。在县层次上,与森林覆盖率低的相比,森林覆盖率高的主要农作物(水稻、玉米和红薯)的平均受灾率、成灾率、绝收率分别降低16.6%、16.2%、4.0%;在乡镇层次上,与森林覆盖率低的相比,森林覆盖率高的主要农作物(水稻、玉米和红薯)的平均受灾率、成灾率、绝收率分别降低20.3%、19.7%、12.7%;与无农田防护林网相比,有农田防护林网的水稻平均受灾率、成灾率分别降低5.8%、22.8%,没有绝收现象,而无防护林的水稻平均绝收率为6.5%。     

Analysis of Sediment Source of Watershed in Western Shanxi of the Loess Plateau

1 INTRODUCTIONThe Loess Plateau is the most drastic soil erosion regionin China, with the most severe water erosion. Thedistribution of types and intensity of erosion not onlyhave regional diversity but also have perpendicularvariation. In the small watershed, there are differencesin erosion characters among its upper, middle and lowerreaches. It is very significant for taking rationalmeasures of soil and water conservation and forpreventing soil and water loss to analyze the relationbe…     

黄土高原适于造林的雨水收集系统设计方法

根据黄土高原地区降水缺乏的自然条件 ,该文提出了 30 0mm到 6 0 0mm地区用于造林的集水设计与施工方法 .这种集水系统由不同形式、大小的种植区与产流区组成的微型集水区形成 ,其设计依据主要是降雨、产流区的径流系数、来自树木和土壤的蒸散、土壤水分亏缺及降水资源环境容量等等 .经过YJG(有机硅化学处理 )处理的产流区、拍光压实产流区和自然坡面的径流系数分别为 0 8 0 89,0 2 3 0 36 ,0 0 8 0 10 根据彭曼法计算的土壤水分亏缺量在 5 0mm到 30 0mm之间 .在降雨量为 4 0 0mm的地区经过YJG处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 3 4m2 ,经济树种为 8 10m2 ;经过压光拍实处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 6 8m2 ,经济树种为 10 12m2 ;自然坡面对于用材林每株林木的产流区面积为 8 10m2 ,经济树种为 12 15m2 采用这种系统经过YJG处理产流区、拍光压实产流区和保持自然坡面的微型集水区中树木的蒸腾量分别是总集水量的 4 7 6 5 % 5 3 31% ,2 4 10 % 36 93%和 18 6 5 % 2 9 5 5 % .这种大面积应用于黄土高原地区的系统被称为径流林业 .     

中西部地区退耕还林还草模式探讨

在将我国退耕还林还草工程区划分为 2个大区 9个类型区的基础上 ,研究了每个大区的退耕还林还草基本技术思路和每个类型区的退耕还林还草模式 ,包括其类型区域范围、自然资源特点、社会经济特点、主要限制因子、基本技术思路、林草类型结构、植被恢复方式、植被恢复技术、主要树种草种、经营管护方式等     

蜀南竹海竹资源综合利用探讨

本文通过与国内外其它地区竹资源及其利用的比较分析,结合蜀南竹海(简称竹海)竹资源利用现状与问题,提出了应重点发展竹质胶合材、竹基胶合材系列产品和竹沥等化学成分提取的生产,以达到提高全竹理化综合利用、减少资源浪费和污染的目的。     

黄土高原退耕还林试点地区现状调查与思考

退耕还林是实现西部生态环境重建的重要举措。在退耕还林试点地区进行的现状调查和研究对退耕还林工作的进一步开展具有重要意义。通过对陕西省吴旗县和安塞县的实地调查，就黄土高原试点地区取得的成绩及存在的问题进行了分析和探讨，并提出相关建议。     

湘西虎杖抑菌成分提取及其抑菌活性研究初报

以乙醇作溶剂,对湘西虎杖抑菌活性物提取条件进行研究,通过抑菌实验得到最佳提取条件为A3B2C3,即90%乙醇、60℃、3h, 该条件下的提取物对细菌生长的抑制活性最强,但对酵母菌无明显的效果,对三种受试细菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.25~ 0.5g/ml。提取物经85℃、100℃,15 min 或pH2~8 处理后仍具有较强的抑菌活性,其乙酸乙酯萃取物对三个菌都有较强的抑菌活性。